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An Open Letter to Bill Bennett
by Milton Friedman, April 1990
In Oliver Cromwell's eloquent
words, "I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you
may be mistaken" about the course you and President Bush urge us to
adopt to fight drugs. The path you propose of more police, more jails,
use of the military in foreign countries, harsh penalties for drug
users, and a whole panoply of repressive measures can only make a bad
situation worse. The drug war cannot be won by those tactics without
undermining the human liberty and individual freedom that you and I
cherish.
You are not mistaken in believing
that drugs are a scourge that is devastating our society. You are not
mistaken in believing that drugs are tearing asunder our social fabric,
ruining the lives of many young people, and imposing heavy costs on
some of the most disadvantaged among us. You are not mistaken in
believing that the majority of the public share your concerns. In
short, you are not mistaken in the end you seek to achieve.
Your mistake is failing to
recognize that the very measures you favor are a major source of the
evils you deplore. Of course the problem is demand, but it is not only
demand, it is demand that must operate through repressed and illegal
channels. Illegality creates obscene profits that finance the murderous
tactics of the drug lords; illegality leads to the corruption of law
enforcement officials; illegality monopolizes the efforts of honest law
forces so that they are starved for resources to fight the simpler
crimes of robbery, theft and assault.
Drugs are a tragedy for addicts.
But criminalizing their use converts that tragedy into a disaster for
society, for users and non-users alike. Our experience with the
prohibition of drugs is a replay of our experience with the prohibition
of alcoholic beverages.
I append excerpts from a column
that I wrote in 1972 on "Prohibition and Drugs." The major problem then
was heroin from Marseilles; today, it is cocaine from Latin America.
Today, also, the problem is far more serious than it was 17 years ago:
more addicts, more innocent victims; more drug pushers, more law
enforcement officials; more money spent to enforce prohibition, more
money spent to circumvent prohibition.
Had drugs been decriminalized 17
years ago, "crack" would never have been invented (it was invented
because the high cost of illegal drugs made it profitable to provide a
cheaper version) and there would today be far fewer addicts. The lives
of thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands of innocent victims would
have been saved, and not only in the U.S. The ghettos of our major
cities would not be drug-and-crime-infested no-man's lands. Fewer
people would be in jails, and fewer jails would have been built.
Columbia, Bolivia and Peru would
not be suffering from narco-terror, and we would not be distorting our
foreign policy because of narco-terror. Hell would not, in the words
with which Billy Sunday welcomed Prohibition, "be forever for rent,"
but it would be a lot emptier.
Decriminalizing drugs is even
more urgent now than in 1972, but we must recognize that the harm done
in the interim cannot be wiped out, certainly not immediately.
Postponing decriminalization will only make matters worse, and make the
problem appear even more intractable.
Alcohol and tobacco cause many
more deaths in users than do drugs. Decriminalization would not prevent
us from treating drugs as we now treat alcohol and tobacco: prohibiting
sales of drugs to minors, outlawing the advertising of drugs and
similar measures. Such measures could be enforced, while outright
prohibition cannot be. Moreover, if even a small fraction of the money
we now spend on trying to enforce drug prohibition were devoted to
treatment and rehabilitation, in an atmosphere of compassion not
punishment, the reduction in drug usage and in the harm done to the
users could be dramatic.
This plea comes from the bottom
of my heart. Every friend of freedom, and I know you are one, must be
as revolted as I am by the prospect of turning the United States into
an armed camp, by the vision of jails filled with casual drug users and
of an army of enforcers empowered to invade the liberty of citizens on
slight evidence. A country in which shooting down unidentified planes
"on suspicion" can be seriously considered as a drug-war tactic is not
the kind of United States that either you or I want to hand on to
future generations.